in the 90s era, people could receive a couple of tv and radio channels over their sets, which were transmitted by the terrestrial network.

After 5-10 years People start using a large c- band dish antenna to watch a couple of channels using a C-Band beam for Free-To-Air Satellite TV.

Different regions had different channels with early programming sources. let’s understand the process flow of Free-To-Air Satellite TV broadcasts.

PROCESS INVOLVED:

PROGRAMMING SOURCES –

  • Basically, filming and recording companies like TVF, RED CHILLIES, etc. produce the audio/video content and then do the necessary mixing/editing.
  • These data are then transmitted to the headends of the network partners like Doordarshan, ESPN, ZEE, STAR, Home TV, etc

HEADEND –

  • These are program data centers that store and then transmit data(audio/video) after encoding them into suitable formats.
  • This formatted data after encryption(in some cases) is sent to the uplink center.

UPLINK CENTER –

The earth station from where the electrical data is converted to electromagnetic/radio waves and transmitted to orbital satellites, after necessary amplification.

SATELLITE BROADCAST –

  • The dedicated satellite receives the radio signal
    transmitted by earth stations and redirects it through multiple
    transponders after second amplification to a wider area on the surface of the earth.
  • The operating transponder freq determines the signal power, operating radio band, and the operating freq and symbol rate.

RECEIVING END –

  • Comprises the dish antenna, LNBF, Satellite Receiver and a
    TV Set.
  • Smaller dish sizes are required for receiving the redirected radio
    signal.
  • The (LNB) low noise block receives the concentrated radio signal
    and converts it to an electrical signal after amplification
    transfers the data in the electrical form to the set-top box.

SATELLITE DECODER –

The set-top box decodes, decrypts the data, and converts it back to pictures, audible sound, and moving pictures (video) formats through tv as understandable by a human.

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